Методологія дослідження феноменології злочинності

Abstract

Стаття присвячена проблемам наукового обґрунтування розвитку і вдосконалення методології дослідження феноменології злочинності, що зумовлене, з одного боку, демократизацією суспільного життя в Україні та демонополізацією методологічних підходів об’єктивного пізнання державно-правових процесів, а з іншого – специфікою юридично-правових явищ, які вивчає феноменологія злочинності. Окреслені особливості методології дослідження феноменології злочинності в регіоні та шляхи її удосконалення при розробці нових методик кримінологічних досліджень.The article is focused on the problems of scientific grounding the development and improvement of the methodology of studying phenomenology of crime, which is due on the one hand to the democratization of social life in Ukraine and demonopolization of methodological approaches of objective cognition of the state and legal processes, on the other hand – to the specific of juridical and legal phenomena studied by the phenomenology of crime. The democratization of social life, changes of social realities, the declaration of constitutional rights and freedoms have caused considerable state and legal transformations, in particular the release from the former administrative and command provision, demonopolization of the methodological approaches, pluralization of the research methods, which is a necessary precondition for objective cognition of the state and legal phenomena, the progressive development of legal science, freedom of scientific creativity. Global democratization of the research methodology enables a wider and comprehensive application of the methods of scientific cognition in various fields of science, including criminology while studying the phenomenology of crime. For the modern methodology of studying the crime the characteristic features are the mobility, openness, ability to permanent combination and updating the research methods as the phenomenon of crime is changing rapidly, there are new techniques and methods of committing crimes, new corpus delicti and types of crimes. The processes that take place in the modern criminal field, require the development of new methodological strategies in studying the phenomenon of crime within the development of prophylactic and preventive measures. Special attention later in the article is focused namely on the specifics of juridical and legal phenomena, which are studied by the phenomenology of crime that requires the necessity of identifying and studying the factors, which affect it. Thus, the methodology of studying these phenomena is aimed at this. Studying the methodology of the phenomenology of crime we should primarily take into account the general state of crime, some of its features and forecasts concerning the development. Herewith the significant shortcoming in the organization of the prevention and prophylactic of crime is to ignore criminological forecasts, analysis of criminological situation as in the country in general as in specific regions. Under the methodology we understand the doctrine on principles, forms and methods of scientific cognition of the facts, phenomena, patterns and mechanisms that are related to the object of the science. The methodology is composed out of a set of general scientific principles, methods, ways and techniques and other areas to search for the scientific cognition. The methodology of the phenomenology of crime involves the use of different levels of the scientific cognition. This enables a more detailed comprehensive study of the phenomena using scientific methods aimed at studying the peculiarity of deep relations of the factors affecting them, and the causes and conditions determining their development. The methodology of the phenomenology of crime is based on general methodological principles, which include: the principle of legality and humanism; the principle of legal specificity; constructive principle; the principle of comprehensiveness. Special principles have a particular importance for the methodology of the phenomenology of crime, such as: the principle of objectivity, consistency principle, the principle of the interrelationship and interaction, the principle of interrelation of the behavior, activity and consequences, the principle of social conditionality, the principle of determinism. The methodology of criminological science as a general concept is based on the methods of scientific cognition, which are integral elements of the scientific methodology. The research method is a systematised set of actions, methods and means to be taken in order to achieve a specific objective or to accomplish the task. Research methods depend on the object, tasks, scope, materials and other facts. With regard to the research of the phenomenology of crime in the region, there is a need to use some specific techniques, which is due to the specifics of the researched object. The author of the article has concluded that the specifics of juridical and legal phenomena (facts, patterns, relationships, causes and conditions, mechanisms) and other phenomena, which are studied by the phenomenology of crime, their comprehensive mediation, mutual influence, are due to all the circumstances of social life (political, social, economic, etc.) including legal; it determines the existence of special, original causal connection, persistent or temporary factors, enables the necessity of their detection, research and taking into account in solving the theoretical and applied aspects of combating crime. The methodology of the phenomenology of crime as a branch of criminological science is focused on this.Статья посвящена проблемам правового обоснования развития и усовершенствования методологии исследования феноменологии преступности, что обусловлено, с одной стороны, демократизацией общественной жизни в Украине и демонополизацией методологических подходов объективного познания государственно – правовых процессов, а с другой – спецификой юридически-правовых явлений, изучаемых феноменологией преступности. Обозначены особенности методологии исследования феноменологии преступности в регионе и пути ее усовершенствования при разработке новых методик криминологических исследований.