На підставі дослідження правової доктрини та з урахуванням судової
практики проаналізовано можливість застосування такого способу захисту
цивільних прав та інтересів, як визнання договору неукладеним. Наголошено, що
відповідний спосіб захисту цивільних прав та інтересів може бути застосований
до моменту виконання договору його сторонами. Визначено, що неукладений договір за своєю правовою природою не є юридичним фактом.
The article is focused on clarifying the possibility of using this method of protection of civil rights and interests as recognition of the agreement not concluded. On the
basis of the analysis of legal doctrine and judicial practice the author has concluded
about the feasibility of recognizing this method. The author of the paper has stressed
that not concluded agreement according to its legal nature is not a legal fact, and therefore
can not be the basis of any civil legal relationship including the contractual one. There
is no corresponding legal fact (contract-transaction) – so, there are no consequences of
this fact (contract-legal relations). It has been noted that the purpose of applying this method of protection, like the
recognition of the contract not concluded, is the elimination of the legal uncertainty regarding the rights and obligations of the parties under the contract. Establishment of the
fact of not concluded agreement is important above all to address the issue of applying the
norms on contractual liability of the parties under the contract. In particular, in case of
filing claims to the court for a penalty due to breach of a contract, the court must first of
all establish the grounds for the recognition of the contract not concluded that, in turn,
would impose the refusal to pay the penalty. Protection of the disputed right is realized
by the court, not by traditional methods (restitution, compensation), but by ascertaining
certain facts, including the recognition of the agreement not concluded.
The claim for the recognition of a contract not concluded is not heard by the
court according the rules of claim proceedings and can not be considered in the procedure of separate proceedings for establishing the fact that has legal value.
It has been emphasized that “not concluded agreement” and “invalid contract”
are not identical legal categories. This is primarily due to various legal grounds and
consequences of using each of these methods of protection of civil rights and interests by
the court. Recognition of the contract not concluded – is a special consequence of violating the law norms, which excludes the application of the invalidity of the transaction. In
case of not concluded contract we apply the affects provided by the norms regulating the
obligations of unjust enrichment, in case of invalid – the consequences prescribed by the
law for invalid transactions. If in regard to not concluded contract the party has prematurely transferred the property, there are legal relations between the parties as a result
of the acquisition, maintenance of the property without sufficient legal grounds – relations that belong to non-contractual.
На основании исследования правовой доктрины и с учётом судебной
практики проанализирована возможность применения такого способа защиты
гражданских прав и интересов, как признание договора незаключённым. Отмечено, что соответствующий способ защиты гражданских прав и интересов может быть применён до момента исполнения договора его сторонами. Определено, что незаключённый договор по своей правовой природе не является
юридическим фактом.
