Розглядається питання щодо змісту і сутності ознак предмета злочинів проти власності за КК України 1960 р. та
КК України 2001 р. Констатується, що зміст таких ознак
пояснюється в першу чергу тим напрямом соціально-політичного устрою нашої країни, що проголошується в конституційних положеннях нашої держави на момент прийняття
відповідного кримінального закону і знаходить своє закріплення в положеннях цивільного законодавства. Робиться висновок про те, що визначення предмета злочинів проти власності, надане в законі про кримінальну відповідальність, застаріло і не відповідає положенням як Конституції України, так
і чинного ЦК України.
The provisions of the Articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution of Ukrainian SSR of 1937
determined that the Socialist property in the USSR has the form of either state property
or the form of cooperative kolkhoz ownership. However, the Art. 10 of that Constitution
provided that the right to private property of citizens on their labor incomes and
savings, a house and holding household, the objects of household and everyday life,
the objects of personal consumption and comfort, as well as the right to inherit personal
property of citizens are protected by the law .
Based on the foregoing, the system of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of
Ukrainian SSR of 1960 contained two separate chapters, which established independent
grounds of the criminal liability for the crimes of the relevant group. Besides, the Chapter
VI of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 1960 “Economic Crimes” except
the trespasses just on legal relations arising from the production, distribution, exchange
and consumption of goods and services contained in its system the corpus delicti that
we refer under the current point of view to the group of crimes against the environment.
This construction was also caused by the provisions of the current Basic Law at the time
of the adoption of this Code.
However, the Law “On Property” was adopted in 1991, according to p. 5 of
the Art. 2 of this Law the legislator determined that property in Ukraine existed in
various forms and the state creates equal conditions for the development of all forms
of ownership and their protection. These amendments were taken into account while
developing the structure of the system of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 2001. At the
same time, approaches to determining the content of the features of the crime’s object
in the science of criminal law were not reviewed and are perceived by all scholars as
a kind of axiom. Nowadays, the set of three features is necessary and sufficient: 1) legal;
2) economic; 3) physical. However, in regard to the regulation of property relations as
a kind of civil relations based on legal equality, free will and property independence of
their participants, which are property relations of a person for a thing (property), this
function is assigned to the Civil Code of Ukraine and it determines the content of legal
relations of property and other material rights.
It has been proved that at the present time there is no need for the separation of
such individual, independent alternative corpus delicti within the science of criminal
law of Ukraine, under the Articles 189 and 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as
the “right to property” and “commission of any actions of material nature”, because of
their correlation with the term “property” as parts and the whole. The properties of
the property, where the criminal law links the presence of the certain corpus delicti in
the actions of a person, completely depend on the features of the objective side of any
corpus delicti, that is the nature of a socially dangerous act, modus operandi and the nature and amount of damage caused to the object by the actions.
Рассматривается вопрос содержания и сущности признаков предмета
преступлений против собственности по УК Украины 1960 г. и УК Украины 2001 г.
Отмечается, что содержание таких признаков обусловливается в первую очередь тем направлением социально-политического устройства нашей страны,
который определен в конституционных положением нашего государства на момент принятия соответствующего уголовного закона и находит свое закрепление в положениях гражданского законодательства. Делается вывод о том,
что определение предмета преступлений против собственности, данное в законе об уголовной ответственности, устарело и не соответствует положениям как Конституции Украины, так и действующего ГК Украины.
