Криміналістична класифікація наркотиків

Abstract

Проаналізовано наукові підходи щодо юридичної, медичної та криміналістичної класифікації наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин. Визначено перелік підстав для криміналістичної класифікації наркотиків, до яких віднесено правовий статус, джерело походження основної речовини та спосіб виготовлення, характер впливу на організм людини, форму виготовлення та морфологічні ознаки. Розкрито зміст кожної класифікаційної групи наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин. Уточнено термінологію криміналістичної класифікації наркотиків.

The development of means and methods for preventing and combating drug-related crime depends on an understanding of trends in the illicit drug market. This requires the use of a forensic classification of the relevant substances. Currently, there are significant gaps in this issue due to the use of different approaches to its construction, which causes difficulties in conducting scientific research and in practical activities aimed at solving and investigating criminal offences. The article proposes the author’s own approach to the forensic classification of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which consists in their division depending on the legal status, source of origin and method of manufacture, nature of their effect on the human body, form of manufacture and morphological characteristics. According to their legal status, drugs should be divided into those whose circulation is prohibited; those whose circulation is restricted; temporarily not prohibited especially dangerous drugs; and precursors. They are identified by their official and chemical names. Depending on the source of origin, vegetable and synthetic drugs are distinguished, and taking into account the method of manufacture as an additional criterion, substances of vegetable origin should be divided into natural and semisynthetic. In these groups, it is important to use generic names that describe the source of the drug, systematising natural and semi-synthetic drugs depending on the natural source of the main substance (alkaloid), and synthetic drugs – on the corresponding chemical compound. The classification of drugs by other criteria is somewhat arbitrary, as certain substances may have different properties. Therefore, for forensic purposes, the most common features in the respective groups are sufficient. Psychostimulants, narcotic analgesics, depressants and hallucinogens are distinguished by the nature of their effects on the body; pharmaceutical drugs with narcotic effects and street drugs are distinguished by the form of manufacture; plants, mushrooms, pills, capsules, powders and crystals, liquids, etc. are distinguished by morphological characteristics; and drugs intended for smoking, inhalation, oral administration, injection are distinguished by the method of use.

Проанализированы научные подходы к юридической, медицинской и криминалистической классификации наркотических средств и психотропных веществ. Определен перечень оснований для криминалистической классификации наркотиков, к которым относится правовой статус, источник происхождения основного вещества и способ изготовления, характер воздействия на организм человека, форму изготовления и морфологические признаки. Раскрыто содержание каждой классификационной группы наркотических средств и психотропных веществ. Уточнена терминология криминалистической классификации наркотиков.