Речі як об’єкти цивільного обороту в праві Стародавнього Риму та України

Abstract

Досліджено визначення об’єктів цивільного обороту. Новизна полягає в отриманні на основі історико-правового аналізу нових знань щодо об’єктів цивільного обороту, розуміння того, що в Стародавньому Римі розглядалося річчю та чи може подібне розуміння бути запозичене в сучасне цивільне право України. З’ясовано сутність речей у Стародавньому Римі, надано порівняльний аналіз поняття речей у римському приватному праві і його сучасним розумінням. Обґрунтовано недоцільність запозичення поняття речей із римського приватного права у сучасне право.

Currently, there is a need to study Roman legal institutions and norms. This is caused by a number of factors. First, the creation of new mechanisms that would meet the modern requirements of the development of society is impossible without referring to the achievements of past generations and using legal structures tested by experience. Secondly, the unification of national legislation with the legislation of the European Union countries is impossible without awareness of the legal provisions of Ancient Rome and its basic concepts. After all, in fact, they filled every national legal system with content during the period of their emergence. Thirdly, the processes of European integration make it necessary for our society to be aware of the fundamental basis of the emergence and formation of the modern continental legal system. And this primary foundation is Roman private law. The purpose of this article is to define objects of civil turnover. The following methods were used: systematic analysis of the normative and doctrinal definition of the concept of the object of civil turnover in the civil law of Ukraine; historical analysis, which made it possible to establish what was considered the object of civil turnover in Roman private law; the comparative method made it possible to find out trends in the development of civil turnover. The results. It has been established that domestic law has a logical terminological system and a conceptual apparatus for understanding objects of civil turnover. Therefore, there is no need to return to the terminology of Ancient Rome. After all, it developed as a result of the evolutionary development of private law. It has been established that the extension of property rights (other property rights) to property rights as objects of civil rights (incorporeal things) will bring some destructiveness to the civil law system of Ukraine, and to the functioning of civil turnover. Conclusions. It was established that in Ukraine, objects of civil turnover are objects of civil rights. The term "property" was introduced in order to distinguish that part of tangible and intangible goods that can be evaluated in monetary terms. It became generic to its types, such as a separate thing, a set of things, as well as property rights and obligations. Therefore, the division of things into corporeal and incorporeal, which is proposed to be introduced into domestic civil law, essentially repeats the already existing division of property into things, as objects of the material world, property rights and obligations. It is justified that the extension of property rights (other property rights) to property rights can cause negative consequences for the civil law system of Ukraine.

Исследовано определение объектов гражданского оборота. Новизна заключается в получении на основе историко-правового анализа новых знаний по объектам гражданского оборота, пониманию того, что в Древнем Риме рассматривалось вещью и может ли подобное понимание заимствоваться в современное гражданское право Украины. Выяснена сущность вещей в Древнем Риме, предоставлен сравнительный анализ понятия вещей в римском частном праве и его современным пониманием. Обоснована нецелесообразность заимствования понятия вещей из римского частного права в современное право.