Конвалідація правочину як спосіб захисту цивільних прав та інтересів

Abstract

Розглянуто підстави конвалідації правочину (надання нікчемному правочину юридичної силу з моменту його вчинення) за чинним Цивільним кодексом України. Обґрунтовано, що ЦК України передбачає шість випадків, коли допускається визнання нікчемного правочину дійсним, тобто конвалідація правочину. Доведено, що не допускається визнання дійсним заповіту, який є нікчемним у зв’язку з порушенням вимог щодо його форми та порядку посвідчення; не може бути підставою для визнання договору дійсним й встановлення факту втрати продавцем правовстановлюючого документа на предмет відчуження за договором.The author of the article has studied the grounds for the transaction’s convalidation (providing a void transaction with legal efficacy from the moment it was made) under the current Civil Code of Ukraine. It has been substantiated that the Civil Code of Ukraine provides six cases when it is possible to recognize a void transaction as a valid one, that is, convalidation of a transaction: if a transaction, for which the law establishes its invalidity in case of non-observance of the requirement for a written form, is verbally concluded and one of the parties committed an act and the other party confirmed its commission, in particular by the acceptance of the execution, such a transaction can be recognized by the court as valid one in case of a dispute; in case of non-observance with the requirement of the law on notorial certification of a unilateral transaction, such a transaction can be recognized by the court as valid, if one can establish that it was in line with the true will of a person who made it, and the fact that was not dependent on his will interfered the notorial certification of the transaction; if the parties have agreed on all material terms of the contract, which is proved by written evidence and the contract has been fully or partially executed, but one of the parties has deviated from its notorial certification, the court may admit such a contract valid; in case of the absence of approval by the parents (adopters) or one of them with whom he resides or a defensor of a transaction made by a minor beyond his dispositive legal capacity, the court may admit such a transaction valid upon the request of the interested person, if it is established that it was made in favor of a minor; a transaction made without the permission of children’s services may be admitted by the court as valid at the request of the interested person, if it is established that it meets the interests of an individual, who is under the guardianship or curatorship; at the request of a defensor a transaction made by an incapacitated individual may be recognized by the court as valid, if it is established that it was made in favor of a disabled person. It has been proved that the last will and testament can not be admitted valid, which is void in connection with violation of requirements regarding its form and procedure of certification; it can not be the reason for admitting the contract valid and establishing the fact of the seller’s loss of the entitling document for the alienation under the contract.Рассмотрены основания конвалидации сделки (предоставления ничтожной сделке юридической силы с момента ее совершения) по действующему Гражданскому кодексу Украины. Обосновывается, что ГК Украины предусматривает шесть случаев, когда допускается признание ничтожной сделки действительной, то есть конвалидация сделки. Доказывается, что не допускается признание действительным завещания, оно является ничтожным в связи с нарушением требований относительно его формы и порядка удостоверения; не может быть основанием для признания договора действительным и установление факта потери продавцом правоустанавливающего документа на предмет отчуждения по договору.