Structural and legal analysis of scientific activity regulation in developed countries

Abstract

На основі структурного аналізу підтримки, регулювання та фінансування наукової діяльності в найбільших країнах світу з розвиненою економікою, визначаються центральні інститути фінансових коштів для інвестицій в інноваційну та наукову діяльність даних країн. Проводиться функціональний аналіз фінансування української науково-технічної та освітньої діяльності з точки зору її державного регулювання. На основі вивченої моделі фінансування наукової діяльності в розвинених країнах пропонується модель оптимізації фінансування наукової діяльності, яка стане інноваційним активатором підтримки і розвитку української науки.

Experience of developed countries makes the case that it is possible to achieve a high level of competitiveness in the globalized market solely by using achievements of scientifc-and-technological advance. National policy and effectiveness of means of scientifc sector support used in the country are essential to it. The purpose of the article is an effort to perform the structural analysis of support, regulation, and fnancing of scientifc activity in world’s major economies, having determined central institutes of fnancial means command for the investment into innovative and scientifc activity in the countries. To perform a functional analysis of the funded status of Ukrainian scientifc and technological and educational activity from the standpoint of its public regulation. Based on the studied funding model of scientifc activity in developed countries, to propose the model of optimization of scientifc activity fnancing that will become the innovative activator of support and development of Ukrainian science. Analysing public policy of developed countries related to the support of scientifc, educational, and innovative activity according to the degree of state regulation, it is possible to identify two poles. The frst pole can be notionally named as English-American model where the state does very little to interfere with the activity of scientifc and innovative sector. It is characterized by the fullest autonomy of entrepreneurship in the innovative and scientifc and educational sphere. With the use of such model, it is assumed that market mechanisms facilitate acceleration of scientifc and innovative processes of country development by them. The second pole, a Franco-Japanese model of public regulation, is characterized by the substantial impact of the state on scientifc and educational processes, in particular, by non-market fnancing methods. With the use of this model, the governments determine priority guidelines of innovative and technological development supported by the government substantially; such countries to some extent include: France, Sweden, and Japan. Most of the developed European countries (Germany, Poland, Italy) and Canada are found in between specifed poles of scientifc and innovative policy while developing a national business environment and using direct state support of innovative activity. The increase in expenses of the private sector for research and development activities appears in all countries. Public authorities support scientifc studies, innovative activity and development of small and medium-sized businesses in a scientifc and technological sphere; they cooperate actively during the development and implementation of national programs. Moreover, other concerned parties – industrial companies, representatives of the academic community, non-governmental non-proft organizations – are involved more actively in the decision-making process. Max Planck Society in Germany can become the experimental model of regulation and fnancing of scientifc, educational, and innovative activity of institutions. Implementation of a new economic model in Ukraine is possible upon the condition of creation and adjustment of the functioning of two closed and related engineering processes: innovative and productive: education-science-production-market; investment. The following may be classifed as top priorities of development of scientifc and technological activity in Ukraine: prevention of arrival of earlier and inefcient technologies; facilitation of application of state-of-the-art highly efcient technologies, development of scientifc potential and human resourcing; arrangement of conditions for extension and expansion in the number of innovative structures (technology parks, technopolis, business incubators, innovation centres, innovative exchange markets).

На основе структурного анализа поддержки, регулирования и финансирования научной деятельности в крупнейших странах мира с развитой экономикой, определяются центральные институты финансовых средств для инвестиций в инновационную и научную деятельность данных стран. Проводится функциональный анализ финансирования украинской научно-технической и образовательной деятельности с точки зрения ее государственного регулирования. На основе изученной модели финансирования научной деятельности в развитых странах предлагается модель оптимизации финансирования научной деятельности, которая станет инновационным активатором поддержки и развития украинской науки.