Особливості участі іноземців у цивільних, господарських та трудових правовідносинах (на прикладі XVIII – XX століття)

Abstract

Визначено теоретико-правові засади правового становища іноземців. Виокремлено особливості участі іноземців у цивільних, господарських та трудових правовідносинах на прикладі XVIII – XX століття.The scientific article is devoted to the research and complex analysis of the peculiarities of the participation of foreigners in civil, economic and labor relations on the example of the XVIII – XX centuries. Taking into the doctrinal study, stated that in the period under study at the legislative level the legal institution of foreigners existed and reflected in the fact that immigrants from abroad had a special legal status different from the status of subjects of the empire. Unlike the latter, foreigners had the right to go abroad, but the authorities believed that they were not obliged to tolerate them on their territory, and therefore could deport them at any time. In the legal literature, there is an opinion that in the period XVII – XVIII due to the widespread use of the term "Orthodox" there was no legal institution of a citizen and a foreigner. However, this is not true, because Orthodox people who came from abroad also had the status of foreigners. Foreigners bought the rights of subjects after the naturalization procedure, and for infidels the role of naturalization performed by baptism and for Orthodox ‒ similar procedures (oath in the church, anointing, etc.). In the XVIII century, naturalization carried out in two ways: still by baptism, as well as taking an oath. Emphasis placed on the fact that the implementation of entrepreneurship in the Ukrainian territories as part of the Russian Empire with the participation of a foreign element, carried out in three forms: trade, industrial activities, as well as in the form of free practice of specialists. At the same time, corporations of foreign merchants (Armenian, Dutch, English) were very strong competitors and their activities suppressed domestic merchants, leaving it "out of business", which, in turn, led to the destruction of Ukrainian merchants as a separate society and their inability to pay state taxes. Therefore, the government, in determining the status of foreign merchants, tried to ensure a proper legal relationship between financial gain and the need to adhere to the interests of domestic merchants.Определены теоретико-правовые основы правового положения иностранцев. Выделены особенности участия иностранцев в гражданских, хозяйственных и трудовых правоотношениях на примере XVIII – XX века.