Досудова стадія цивільного процесу на українських землях Російської Імперії у першій половині ХІХ ст. (до реформи 1864 р.)

Abstract

Розглянуто головні аспекти досудової стадії (стадії підготовки до суду) цивільного процесу, які були чинними у першій половині ХІХ століття (до судової реформи 1864 року). Розʼяснено, як міг розпочинатися тоді цивільний процес, які для цього потрібні були умови, в чому полягала роль поліції та судових органів. Зазначено також, яким був термін давності подання позову, які передбачалися санкції за подання необґрунтованих позовів та апеляційних скарг.

The science of civil procedural law covers the history and theory of civil procedural law. The development of civil procedural law went through a number of stages, from Kievan Rus to the present, and each of these stages had its own peculiarities and distinctive features. The period of pre-reform development (until 1864) of the civil process was characterized by the implementation of the provisions of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, but at the same time, testified to the need for changes and reforms in this area of procedural law. At that time, laws on insults, damages and harm, forcible and arbitrary possession of property could have begun in two ways: either in the police or in a court of law. The lawsuit and court began in the court whose jurisdiction was subject to the defendant. The law established a limitation period for filing a claim for immovable and movable property – not more than 10 years.The civil process began after one of the parties made a lawsuit filed in accordance with the established form. The request was written on the emperorʼs name on a special stamp paper – this was a necessary formality. Verbal requests were allowed, but only in addition to the written request in the proceedings. However, it was possible to start the process, in the absence of a claim, by passing the relevant information to the court through the police or an administrative authority. The police themselves could start the case, if they saw in someoneʼs actions self-control or violence. The term for filing a request to the police for the unauthorized or forcible possession of property was set at 10 weeks, if it ended, then the claim should only be brought in court. The term for filing a request to the police for the unauthorized or forcible possession of property was set at 10 weeks, if it ended, then the claim should only be brought in court. The civil procedural law established a rule under which fines were imposed for the submission of ungrounded claims and appeals.

Рассмотрены основные аспекты досудебной стадии (стадии подготовки к суду) гражданского процесса, которые действовали в первой половине XIX века (до судебной реформы 1864 года). Разъяснено, как мог начинаться тогда гражданский процесс, какие для этого нужны были условия, в чем заключалась роль полиции и судебных органов. Указано также, каким был срок давности подачи иска, какие предусматривались санкции за представление необоснованных исков и апелляционных жалоб.