Правові засади державної політики Чехословаччини щодо неслов’янських національних меншин (1945 – 1948 рр.)

Abstract

Розглянуто та проаналізовано політико-правові документи, які вплинули на формування державної політики відродженої Чехословаччини щодо німецької та угорської національних меншин протягом 1945 – 1948 рр.The article discusses the political and legal documents that influenced the formation of the state policy of the revived Czechoslovakia towards the German and Hungarian national minorities during 1945–1948. In post-war Czechoslovakia, the Hungarian and German minorities were seen as an obstacle to the creation of an exclusively Slavic state. The interwar experience was well remembered in Prague, when these two minorities played not the least role in the cessation of the Czechoslovak state. Therefore, even during the war, E. Benes and his entourage developed a document known as «Transfer of population in Czechoslovakia». According to him, Czechoslovakia was to become a national and Slavic state with an absolute advantage of Czechs and Slovaks. The pages of the so-called «Košice Program» (April 1945) provided for the Hungarian and German minorities to be held collectively responsible for undermining Czechoslovak statehood in the late 1930s. Germans and Hungarians who arrived in Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement persecution, were to be evicted immediately. An exception was made for persons who acted «in the interests of Czechoslovakia». The «Košice Program» items were legally enshrined in a series of presidential decrees issued in 1945. This put Czechoslovak Hungarians and Germans at a great disadvantage, giving the Czechoslovak government legitimate grounds for repressive action against them. Throughout the study period, the authorities preferred directive-administrative rather than legal methods of resolving the problem of national minorities, which led to the widespread use of forced evictions, deportations, and so on. Representatives of the German minority suffered the most from these actions, most of whom were deprived of their constitutional rights and deported. However, «population exchange» actions against ethnic Hungarians were also organized with obvious violations of the rights of national minorities. By the end of the 1940s, the German and Hungarian minorities had virtually ceased to exist.Рассмотрены и проанализированы политико-правовые документы, повлиявшие на формирование государственной политики возрожденной Чехословакии в отношении немецких и венгерских национальных меньшинств в течение 1945 – 1948 гг.