Таємниця кореспонденції як предмет злочину, передбаченого статтею 163 Кримінального кодексу України

Abstract

У статті розглянуто основні теоретичні позиції з питання щодо предмета злочину, виділено основні ознаки таємниці та надано її загальноправового визначення. Автор аналізує основні характеристики таємниці кореспонденції та пропонує розуміння даного виду таємниці як предмета злочину, передбаченого ст. 163 КК України.Studying the crime object assists to a deeper and correct elucidation of the essence of the crime object, its specificity. Many of the criminal and legal norms are designed in such a way that their object of criminal and legal protection is not called. In such cases, the reference to the crime object assists its ascertainment. Although there was usually paid enough attention to studying the crime object within the science of criminal law, however, this problem is considered as one of the most controversial and insufficiently explored. Most of scholars both in the Soviet period and today like OM.. Trainin, M.I. Zahorodnikov, M.I. Panov and others believe that the crime object is any things of the material world with certain properties, when the law on criminal liability links the presence of crime features in a person’s specific actions. However, the recent studies of M.V. Anchukova, O.P. Horpyniuk, O.E. Radutnyi, Ye.V. Lashchuk, S.O. Orlov, O.S. Samoilova and other researchers show the tendency to expand the definition of the object due to the emersion of new independent features within corpus delicti, namely electric and thermal energy, information, etc. The article’s objective is an attempt to distinguish the main characteristics of the correspondence secrecy and to offer comprehension of this type of secret as the crime object under the Art. 163 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author believes that information making the correspondence secrecy should be of personal character. The information that is the object of correspondence secrecy is confidential, so it contains information that may be disclosed only with the permission of a citizen – the owner or holder of this information. The right to correspondence secrecy is absolute, so the subjects who are to keep the correspondence secrecy are indefinite number of persons. Unauthorized access to correspondence secrecy causes negative consequences for persons who are involved in it. Obligatory feature of information that composes the correspondence secrecy is the way of its transfer – it has been already transferred or is just being transmitted by any mean of communication (E-mail, telephone, telegraph, using a computer, etc.). There is criminal liability (the Art. 163 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) for illegal violation of the correspondence secrecy, telephone conversations, telegraph and other correspondence that is transmitted by the means of communication or computer Having analyzed the above mentioned features and basing on the common law definition of the secrecy, the following understanding of correspondence secrecy as the crime object under the Art. 163 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is offered. Correspondence secrecy is confidential personal information that has been already transferred or is just being transferred by means of communication or through the computer, unlawful acknowledgement of which may harm the interests of the owner (holder), as a result the access to it is limited in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine and there is criminal liability for unauthorized violation of confidence.В статье рассмотрены основные теоретические позиции по вопросу о предмете преступления, выделены основные признаки тайны и представлено ее общеправовое определение. Автор анализирует основные характеристики тайны корреспонденции и предлагает понимание данного вида тайны в качестве предмета преступления, предусмотренного ст. 163 УК Украины.