Особливості предмета злочинного безгосподарського використання земель

Abstract

Статтю присвячено актуальній проблемі визначення предмета безгосподарського використання земель. У ній розглянуто наукові підходи до визначення предмета злочину, а також розкрито кримінально-правове значення предмета злочину. Детально проаналізовано сутність землі як екологічної, соціальної та економічної категорії. Визначено, що предметом злочинного безгосподарського використання земель слід вважати ґрунтовий покрив земель сільськогосподарського призначення. Це обумовлюється тим, що в результаті антропогенної діяльності страждає саме поверхневий родючий шар ґрунту.

Careless use of lands belongs to the category of crimes that are called “substantive” in criminal law science because the norm is designed in a manner that there is a clear statement on its subject. On the other hand, establishment of the subject of crimes against the environment has a number of specific features and in this regard is quite a challenge not only in practical but also in theoretical terms. The proof of this is the fact that nowadays there is a wide range of opinions in the criminal and legal doctrine on the subject’s content of this crime category and in general its features. The problem of crime’s subject is considered one of the most difficult in the theory of criminal law. M.I. Korzhanskyi, S.D. Kravtsov, V.Ya. Tatsii, M.P. Bikmurzin, Ye.V. Lashchuk and others worked over its development at various times. Regarding to the crime’s subject against the environment, these studies are reflected in scientific papers of E.M. Zhevlakov, S.B. Havrysh, V.K. Matviichuk. Concerning the crime’s subject under the Art. 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, we should note that its scientific development has been generally neglected. This issue was covered only partially in the academic literature, scientific and commentator sources and some monographic publications devoted to the characteristics of crimes against the environment, which leads in this context to the need for prior recourse to the general provisions of the doctrine about the xrime’s subject. Traditional for the criminal law science is definition of the crime’s object as any things of the material world, with character properties, where the law on criminal liability relates to the availability of a person’s actions of a certain type of a crime. So, the modern realities and scientific debates on this issue have led to alternative directions of scientific research in the sphere of the crime’s object, which consisted in an effort to replace to some extent the term “things”, to step aside from a real feature of the crime’s object and to define it as a different sort of material and non-material assets , to expand the scope of the concept of the crime’s object by the inclusion of the phenomena of the material world of the non-material character. Review of the concept and features of the crime’s object under the Art. 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is due not only by theoretical findings of the most appropriate model of cognition of the crime’s object, but is also oriented on solving practical tasks of criminal and legal classification, primarily delimitation according to the feature of the crime’s object of this corpus delicti from related ones and criminal act from noncriminal one. The Art. 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine determines careless use of lands as a socially dangerous act that results in a long decline or loss of fertility, exclusion of lands from agricultural production, washout of humus soil, soil structure infringement. The earth suffering from the careless use of lands represents one of the most important objects of the environment. It is endowed with certain specific functions: natural (space, topography, soils, vegetation, forests, minerals, water, etc.), social and economic (spatial basis for any of the activities, value, prestige, etc.) and productive (subject and tools of work, mean of production, etc.), etc. In relationship with a man the land stands in a complex of environmental, social, economic and political factors. Due to this the nature of land is stated as ecological (one of the major components of the biosphere), social (like the place and conditions of human existence) and economic (as an object of management and property right) categories, which are interdependent and interrelated. The subject of criminal careless use of lands should be considered the soil of agricultural land. This is due to the fact that it is the fertile soil surface suffering as a result of criminal anthropogenic activity, which is the most important part of agricultural land because of its beneficial properties.

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме определения предмета бесхозяйственного использования земель. В ней рассмотрены научные подходы к определению предмета преступления, а также раскрыто уголовно-правовое значение предмета преступления. Детально проанализирована сущность земли как экологической, социальной и экономической категории. Определено, что предметом преступного бесхозяйственного использования земель следует считать почвенный покров земель сельскохозяйственного назначения. Это обуславливается тем, что в результате антропогенной деятельности страдает именно поверхностный плодородный слой почвы.