Просторові аспекти чинності національного кримінального закону: деякі проблеми регламентації

Abstract

У статті розглянуто зміст територіального принципу чинності закону України про кримінальну відпо - відальність. Звертається увага на його неузгодженість з принципами встановлення меж кримінальної юрисдикції держави, які існують у міжнародному праві. Відзначено на невідповідності національного й міжнародного права в частині регламентації просторових аспектів дії кримінального закону України. Запропонована нова редакція ст. 6 Кримінального кодексу України.

The article is devoted to the issues of the improvement of regulatory provisions about the validity of the norms of the Criminal Code on certain territories. Taking into account the fact that the jurisdictional activity of the state in the criminal and legal sphere can be spread outside the state territory, this issue is in the field of joint (international and legal, national and legal) regulation, which expresses the correlation relations between criminal and international law. Existing publications do not cover the whole range of the problems relating to the action of domestic criminal law in space yet, and they are often solved without considering the peculiarities of correlation of criminal law of Ukraine with international law. Thus, the objective of the article is to analyze the problems of dimensional jurisdiction of national legislation on criminal liability according to the territorial principle of its validity considering relations of national criminal law and international and legal system. Significance of the territory as a dimensional scope of criminal law of Ukraine is of particular importance for grounding the limits, where this branch fulfills its functions. Concerning its state territory (space within its state borders) Ukraine has full, absolute criminal and legal jurisdiction in the sense that crime and punishment of any committed in this space acts in any case is defined by the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on comparative analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and norms of international and legal agreements relating to the territories with different legal regimes it is indicated that the territorial principle of the validity of criminal law of Ukraine in the space (the Art. 6 of the Criminal Code) “binds” the national criminal and legal jurisdiction to places that is actually state territory of Ukraine (state territory literally) and to spaces that only conditionally, according to existing international agreements, are admitted as those that are under the jurisdiction of Ukraine. However, at the same time violating the principles and criteria of classification of territory within international law, the domestic legislator refers all these places within the Art. 6 as the territories of Ukraine. The current wording of the Art. 6 of the Criminal Code can be assessed as a norm containing a legal fiction, as it is the basis, when the places are considered the territory of Ukraine not being this territory. It is noted that it is advisable to provide a list of objects and spaces within the Art. 6 of the Criminal Code, which under the laws of Ukraine and international law equated with the territory of Ukraine in case of the crime commission there. Besides, it should state the general reference to the norms of international law, leaving this list open. According to the results of conducted study the author suggests the ways to eliminate this shortcoming from the text of the criminal law – a new version of the Art. 6 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

В статье рассмотрено содержание территориального принципа действия закона Украины об уголовной ответственности. Обращается внимание на его связи с принципами установления пределов уголовной юрисдикции государства, существующими в международном праве. Отмечены несоответствия национального и международного права в части регламентации пространственных аспектов действия уголовного закона Украины. Предлагается новая редакция ст. 6 Уголовного кодекса Украины.